which precedes

1. for: an = in and from in prep.phr.; and precedes unasp.con.

2. for: do, de = to, off, in prepositional phrases; and precedes asp.con.

3. for: do; fulfils the function of « that» in relative clauses; and precedes asp.con. of verb

4. for: do; fulfils the function of «to» before infinitives; and precedes asp.con. of verb-noun

5. her; poss.pron. precedes unasp.con.; and takes h- before vow.

6. his; poss.pron. precedes asp.con.; and suffers elision before vow.

7. part. which precedes numerals when they are used independently, as: a tri, three

8. the voc. particle; precedes a noun in the voc. case, beginning with an asp.con.; and suffers elision before vow.

ĕt, conj. [Sanscr. ati, beyond; Gr. eti, besides, yet; Lat. et-iam, at-avus], serves to connect, in the most general manner, single words or entire sentences, and.

In gen.: qui illius impudentiam norat et duritudinem, Cato ap. Gell. 17, 2, 20: te sale nata precor, Venus et genetrix patris nostri, Enn. ap. Non. 378, 16 (Ann. v. 53 ed. Vahlen): blande et docte percontat, Naev. ap. Non. 474, 7:

ut, quoad possem et liceret, a senis latere numquam discederem,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

de quo praeclare et multa praecipiuntur,

id. Or. 21, 70:

qui filium consularem clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis amisit,

id. Fam. 4, 6; cf.:

major (frater) et qui prius imperitarat,

Liv. 21, 31:

haec pueris et mulierculis et servis et servorum simillimis liberis esse grata,

Cic. Off. 2, 16, 57 et saep.:

salicta locis aquosis, humectis, umbrosis, propter amnes ibi seri oportet. Et id videto, uti, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 9:

optime vero, frater: et fleri sic decet,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3 fin.:

qua de re est igitur inter summos viros major dissensio? Et omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur,

id. Ac. 2, 42 et saep.

In partic.

To subjoin a word or phrase which more accurately defines or more briefly comprehends what goes before, and indeed, and moreover, and that too:

te enim jam appello, et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis,

Cic. Mil. 25, 67:

at laudat, et saepe, virtutem,

id. Tusc. 3, 20, 48; cf.:

id, et facile, effici posse,

Nep. Milt. 3, 4:

errabas, Verres, et vehementer errabas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121;

so with a repetition of the same word: hostis et hostis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 21, §

51: tenetur, judices, et manifeste tenetur,

id. ib. 2, 3, 65, § 152; id. Cat. 3, 10; id. Deiot. 3; id. Mil. 23, 61 al.; Liv. 26, 13; Sen. de Clem. 15 et saep.:

haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 32:

nulla enim nobis societas cum tyrannis, et potius summa distractio est,

id. Off. 3, 6, 32; cf.: cur eo non estis contenti? et cur id potius contenditis, quod? [p. 661] etc., id. Ac. 2, 17, 74:

si te ipse et tuas cogitationes et studia perspexeris,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69:

omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur, et Herillum, qui in cognitione et scientia summum bonum ponit,

id. Ac. 2, 42:

Romani, quibus Poeni et Hannibal in cervicibus erat,

Just. 29, 3, 7:

studiose ab his siderum magnitudines, intervalla, cursus anquirebantur et cuncta caelestia,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 4, 10:

valde a Xenocrate et Aristotele et ab illa Platonis familia discreparet,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 55 et saep.:

et appetendi et refugiendi et omnino rerum gerendarum initia proficiscuntur aut a voluptate aut a dolore,

Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 42. —

To connect things similar or dissimilar after the words aeque, par, idem, similis, alius, etc. (more commonly atque, v. atque, I. 2.), as, than, and:

nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67, v. aeque:

omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et in Coriolano,

Cic. Brut. 11, 43; cf.:

nunc tu mihi es germanus pariter corpore et animo,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 34:

Clodius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae,

Cic. Mil. 17 fin.; cf. Sall. C. 58, 11:

haec eodem tempore Caesari referebantur, et legati veniebant, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 37, 1:

similem sibi videri vitam hominum et mercatum eum, qui, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 9; cf.:

neu simili forma et quom, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 416 and 420:

nec ratione alia, et cum,

id. 1, 280:

non enim alia causa est aequitatis in uno servo et in pluribus,

than, Cic. Caecin. 20, 57; id. Off. 2, 18; id. de Or. 3, 18, 66; id. Cael. 28 fin.; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 3:

aliter doctos (loqui) et indoctos?

Cic. Fin. 5, 29 fin. —

To connect two immediately successive points of time (only in poets and historians, esp. since the Aug. per.; cf. atque, II. C.), often to be rendered in English by when, and then: advenit, et navibu' complevit litora, Poeta ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31 fin.:

dixit, et extemplo... sensit medios delapsus in hostes,

Verg. A. 2, 376:

dixit (dixerat), et,

id. ib. 1, 402; 2, 705; 3, 258; Val. Fl. 1, 569; Stat. Th. 2, 120 al.; cf.:

nec plura effatus et,

Verg. A. 8, 443:

sic fatus et,

Stat. Th. 12, 773:

nec longum tempus et ingens exiit arbos,

Verg. G. 2, 80; cf. Stat. Th. 7, 300; Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8; Tac. H. 2, 95:

vix prima inceperat aestas, Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat,

Verg. A. 3, 9; so,

vix... et,

id. ib. 5, 858; 6, 498; Stat. Th. 2, 293; cf.:

vixdum... et,

Liv. 43, 4, 10; cf.

also: simul haec effatur, et, etc.,

Luc. 6, 246.—

After an imperative, to subjoin the consequence of an action ( poet. and in postAug. prose), and then:

dic quibus in terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo,

Verg. E. 3, 104; Ov. Am. 2, 14, 44; Phaedr. 3, 5, 7; Luc. 4, 487; 2, 515; Sen. de Clem. 1, 16; Plin. Pan. 43, 3; 45, 6: sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus;

et mihi vivam Quod superest aevi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 107.—

To subjoin the minor proposition (assumptio or propositio minor) in a syllogism, now, but (cf. atque, II.):

eorum, qui videntur, alia vera sunt, alia falsa: et quod falsum, id percipi non potest: nullum igitur est, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 13, 40; id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9; 5, 17; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33 al.—

With an accessory affirmative notion, and in fact, and indeed, and truly, and so:

multa me sollicitant... et sexcenta sunt, Cic. Att! 2, 19: et sunt illa sapientis,

id. Tusc. 3, 8 fin.; id. Leg. 2, 3, 7:

et erat, ut retuli, clementior,

Tac. A. 2, 57: jam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat;

Et faciet, quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra,

Verg. E. 2, 44 et saep.:

estne ille noster Parmeno? et certe ipsus est,

Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 4;

with certe,

id. Ad. 1, 1, 53;

with hercle,

Cic. Brut. 72; id. Fin. 2, 8; id. Fam. 2, 18, 2.—

To subjoin an emphatic question or exclamation:

et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia?

Cic. Mil. 33, 91; id. Sest. 39, 80; id. Clu. 40, 111; id. Phil. 1, 8 et saep.; Verg. G. 2, 433; id. A. 1, 48; Ov. M. 13, 338 al.:

et his tot criminibus testimoniisque convictus in eorum tabella spem sibi aliquam proponit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16 fin.; id. Mil. 12 fin.; Plin. Pan. 28, 6; Flor. 4, 2, 89.—Esp. with quisquam:

et quisquam dubitabit quin, etc.,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 42 Matthiae; Ov. Am. 3, 8, 1 al.—

To connect an idea as either homogeneous or complementary to that which precedes, and so too, and also, and moreover, and at the same time; too, also, likewise (hence, often in Liv., Curt., and late Lat., rarely in Cic., = etiam; cf. Anton. Stud. pp. 26-69;

Krebs, Antibarb. p. 420): Terentia te maxime diligit salutemque tibi plurimam ascribit, et Tulliola, deliciae nostrae,

Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.: Ge. Salvus sis. Di. Et tu salve, Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 44; id. Trin. 1, 2, 11; id. Mil. 4, 8, 42; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 122;

for which: salve et tu,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 42; v. the foll.:

haec ipsa mihi sunt voluptati: et erant illa Torquatis,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:

ubi tunc eras? Romae. Verum quid ad rem? et alii multi,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 92; cf.

ib. § 94: et illud videndum quanto magis homines mala fugiant,

id. Part. 26:

et mihi sunt vires, et mihi facta tuba'st!

Tib. 2, 6, 10; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 83:

nihil verius. Probe et ille,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73; so,

et ille,

id. ib. 3, 13 fin.:

et ipse,

id. Caecin. 20 fin.; so id. de Or. 1, 46, 202; Liv. 1, 12; 6, 3; 41, 24 et saep.; cf.:

simul et ille,

Cic. Clu. 4, 10; 17, 48; 57, 155; id. Verr. 2, 5, 1:

simul et iste,

id. ib. 2, 1, 41; Sall. J. 20, 1 et saep.:

et nunc ego amore pereo,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 14; so,

et nunc,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40; id. Fam. 13, 54, 2; Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.;

for which: nunc et,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 11; cf.:

nonnumquam et,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15, 3:

sunt et,

Cic. Top. 6; Verg. A. 9, 136:

meruit et,

Suet. Caes. 3 et saep.:

quoniam formam cepi hujus in me et statum, Decet et facta moresque hujus habere me similes item,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 111:

nam et qui parat pecus, necesse est constituat numerum, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 24: so,

nam et,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11; 2, 25, 63; id. de Or. 1, 25; id. Off. 1, 40, 142; Liv. 6, 19 al.; cf.:

at et,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 3:

sed et,

id. Att. 5, 10 fin.; Quint. 10, 1, 107;

and with a preceding non modo or non solum (post-Aug.),

Tac. G. 15, 35; id. A. 14, 39; Suet. Aug. 89 et saep.; cf.:

et... non = ne... quidem, ego vero et in ipsa suffocatione non desii, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 54, 3:

ergo et,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27; id. Leg. 1, 12, 33; id. Div. 1, 50, 114:

itaque et,

id. Tusc. 3, 26, 63 et saep.—

When repeated, et... et, it serves, like the Gr. kai... kai or te kai, to connect two ideas partitively, both... and, as well... as, not only... but also:

hoc etiam ad malum accersebatur malum, Et discipulus et magister perhibebantur improbi,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 23; 4, 8, 45:

et audax et malus,

id. ib. 4, 9, 25:

eloquere utrumque nobis, et quid tibi est, et quid velis nostram operam,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 59:

ut et severitas adhibeatur et contumelia repellatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:

dimitto (puerum), et ut a magistris ne abducam et quod mater discedit,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin.:

non et legatum argentum est et non est legata numerata pecunia,

id. Top. 13 et saep. More than twice:

quo facilius et hujus hominis innocentissimi miserias et illorum audaciam cognoscere possitis et rei publicae calamitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5 fin.;

so three times,

id. Att. 12, 4, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin. et saep.;

six times,

Cic. Fam. 13, 25;

ten times,

id. de Or. 1, 20, 90.—With a subordinate que or atque:

nam et semper me coluit diligentissimeque observavit et a studiis nostris non abhorret,

Cic. Fam. 13, 22;

with atque,

id. de Or. 1, 21, 95.—Et... que are sometimes used for et... et (rarely in Cic.;

freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): quis est quin intellegat et eos inmemores fuisse, nosque honestate duci?

Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; id. Brut. 88, 302:

id et singulis universisque semper honori fuisse,

Liv. 4, 2; 5, 46 fin.; 24, 2 fin.; 32, 32 fin.; Tac. Agr. 2 fin.; Suet. Ner. 33 al.—Sometimes the second et subjoins a more weighty assertion; in which case et... et = cum... tum, not only... but also:

homo et in aliis causis exercitatus et in hac multum et saepe versatus,

Cic. Quint. 1, 3; id. Fat. 1, 2; id. de Or. 1, 9, 38; id. Off. 2, 11, 38.—

Et... neque or neque... et, when one clause is a negative (but et... et non, et non... et, when only one word is negatived):

ego vero et exspectabo ea quae polliceris neque exigam, nisi tuo commodo,

Cic. Brut. 4 fin.:

ego si et Silius is fuerit, quem tu putas nec Drusus facilem se praebuerit, Damasippum velim aggrediare,

id. Att. 12, 33:

cui quidem ita sunt Stoici assensi, ut et, quicquid honestum esset, id utile esse censerent, nec utile quicquam, quod non honestum,

id. Off. 3, 3, 11: pueris nobis Cn. Aufidius praetorius et in senatu sententiam dicebat nec amicis deliberantibus deerat et Graecam scribebat historiam et videbat in litteris, id. Tusc. 5, 38 fin.:

quia et consul aberat... nec, etc.,

Liv. 22, 8 et saep.:

nec miror et gaudeo,

Cic. Fam. 10, 1 fin.:

nam nec in eo jus cognationis servavit, cui ademit regnum, et eum, cui dedit, etc.,

Just. 8, 6 fin.:

id et nobis erit perjucundum et tibi non sane devium,

Cic. Att. 2, 4 fin.:

locus is melior, quem et non coquit sol et tangit ros,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14.—

Rarely neque... et = non quidem... sed: amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit,

Suet. Aug. 66.—

Less freq., tum... et, et... tum, in the same sense:

omnis ejus oratio tum in virtute laudanda et in hominibus ad virtutis studium cohortandis consumebatur,

Cic. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

et in ceteris eloquentiae partibus, tum maxime in celeritate et continuatione verborum adhaerescens, etc.,

id. Brut. 93, 320. See Hand Turs. II. pp. 467-540.

ἄρᾰ, [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant [full] ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith.

A i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses.

A EARLIER USAGE: to denote,

I immediate transition, there and then, straightway,

ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος Il.2.16

: after a part.,

ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68

, al.;

πυθόμενος.. εἶπε ἄ. Hdt.4.134

, cf. 9.9;

ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα X.Cyr.1.3.2

; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.;

οὕτως ἄρα Pl.Phdr. 259b

; often in apodosi, as

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν Od.5.77

; repeated

τὼ μὲν ἄρ'.. κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ'.. ἀγόρευε Il.21.426

: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next,

οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546

; so in genealogies,

Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154

.

2 to draw attention, mark you!

τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456

; with imper.,

ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522

: to point a moral or general statement,

φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532

.

II connexion, such as,

1 that of antecedent and consequent,

οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599

, cf. 24.507;

τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96

; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην; who then (say you) was.. ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο.. τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε he it was, whom.., 4.501: freq. in such phrases as

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35

, al.;

ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584

, al.;

ἦ ῥα 3.355

, al., thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.

2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom ( and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Od.4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., Il.7.182.

B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν)

, ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία Arist.EN 1099a24

;

δῆλον ἄ. Id.Pol. 1295b33

; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.SE 174b11, Rh. 1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, as it seems,

οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il.16.33

;

οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670

;

μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S.El. 772

; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., X.HG7.1.32;

πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος Pl.R. 358c

;

ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα.. θερμότερα Ar.Eq. 382

;

ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα Trag.Adesp.374

; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. .. Pl.R. 375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό ib. 432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. X.An.2.2.3.

2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται; who is there to save ? A.Th.92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! Id.Pers. 733; so ὡς ἄρα ib. 472, S.Fr. 577;

τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; Id.Ant. 1285

;

τί οὖν.. ἄ. X.Oec.6.2

; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone,

ἔζης ἄ. S.Fr. 686

: esp. in ironical comments, Ar.Av. 476, 1371, etc.

3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. .. Pl.Tht. 152d, cf. 156e.

4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2.

5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Pl.Ap. 38b, D.58.4; separated from εἰ μή, Id.9.20; with irony,

εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν X.Mem.1.2.8

.

6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition,

ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th.1.93

, etc.; or simply, perhaps (sts. separated from εἰ)

, εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανεν D.21.8

;

εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th.4.86

.

C IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Ar.Ach. 325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Id.Th. 248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E.Hyps.Fr.34.86.

D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.Mech. 851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt.12.28, Ep.Rom.10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc.11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.

"1. the front, the area or part which lies to the front: Trenin ilerisini göremiyoruz. We can´t see the front section of the train. 2. the next part (of a road, a course, a job): İlerimizde deniz vardı. In front of us lay the sea. Yolun ilerisi çok virajlı. The next part of the road is full of curves. Bu işin ilerisi pek kolay olmaz. The next part of this job won´t be very easy. 3. the future, the time yet to come; the time which lies just ahead: İlerimiz kış. Winter is just around the corner. İleriyi hiç düşünmedin mi? Haven´t you ever thought about the future? 4. mil. advance, forward, situated near the front: ileri komuta yeri advance command post. 5. fast (clock, watch, etc.): Saatim iki dakika ileri. My watch is two minutes fast. 6. /dan/ ahead of, before, (something) which precedes: Tacimah bizden ileri sınıflardan birindeydi. Tacimah was in one of the classes ahead of us. 7. advanced; beyond the elementary stage; ahead of others. 8. advanced (age, years): Hoşkadem oldukça ileri bir yaşta aşka düştü. Hoşkadem fell in love at a rather advanced age. 9. Forward!/Onward! 10. forward, forwards, to the front; out in front; onward, onwards. -si 1. the future. 2. the farther part. 3. the rest, what is still to come. - almak /ı/ 1. to move (something) forward, move (something) towards the front. 2. to promote (someone). 3. to set or put (a clock, watch) forward. - atılmak to spring forward; to rush forward. -den beri for a long time now. - çıkmak to come forward. - evre advanced stage. - geçmek 1. to go forward, go to the front. 2. to be promoted. - gelenler important people, prominent people, notables, worthies, bigwigs. - gelmek /dan/ to be caused by, result from, be due to. -sini gerisini düşünmemek/hesaplamamak/saymamak /ın/ not to give a thought to the consequences of (something). - geri konuşmak/laflar etmek/söylemek to speak in an offhanded and tactless way, talk offhandedly and tactlessly. - gitmek 1. to advance, progress. 2. to go too far, go beyond the bounds of what is considered acceptable. 3. (for a clock or watch) to gain time, be fast. -sine gitmek /ın/ 1. to consider (something) in depth, go into (something) in detail. 2. to see (something) through. -yi görmek to foresee the future. - görüş foresight, prescience. - görüşlü foresighted, foresightful, farsighted, prescient (person). - götürmek /ı/ to take (something) too far, carry (something) too far. - hat mil. front line. - karakol mil. outpost; outlying picket. - marş! mil. Forward, march! - sürmek /ı/ 1. to drive (someone, something) forward. 2. to put forward, set forth (an idea). - varmak to go too far, go beyond the bounds of what is considered acceptable."

1) f. holding together, union, junction, juncture, (esp.) juncture of day andﾠ night, morning orﾠ evening twilight Br. GṛṠrS. MBh. etc.;

2) f. thinking about, reflection, meditation L.

praefātĭo, ōnis, f. [praefor], a saying beforehand; concr.,

That which is said or repeated beforehand, a form of words (esp. relig. or jurid.), formula:

praefatio donationis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 186:

sacrorum,

Liv. 45, 5, 4:

ultionis,

Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

triumphi,

Plin. 7, 26, 27, § 98.—

A preliminary hearing, an introductory address (law t. t.), Dig. 45, 1, 134.—

That which precedes a discourse or writing, a preface, prologue (post-Aug.): vocabula rustica aut externa cum honoris praefatione ponenda, saying, by your leave, Plin. praef. §

13: numquam tristiorem sententiam sine praefatione clementiae pronunciavit,

Suet. Dom. 11:

C. Cassius numquam sine praefatione publici parricidii nominandus,

Val. Max. 2, 8, 8: jucundissime Imperator (sit enim haec tui praefatio verissima), qs. appellation, title, Plin. praef. §

1: nullā praefatione factā judici rem exponere,

without preface, without any introduction, Dig. 1, 2, 1.—Of remarks before a recitation, designed to win the favor or avert the displeasure of hearers, a preface; also of books:

praefationem dicere,

Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2; 2, 3, 1; 4, 11, 14; 4, 14, 8; Quint. 7, 1, 11; 8, 3, 31; 11, 1, 67; Mart. 3, 18, 1 al.

quod, conj. [ acc. resp., from qui].

I. That, in that, because (cf.:

quia, quoniam): cum tibi agam gratias quod me vivere coëgisti,

Cic. Att. 3, 3, 1:

mirari, Cato se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, haruspicem cum vidisset,

id. Div. 2, 24, 51; id. Att. 1, 17, 1:

fecisti mihi pergratum, quod Serapionis librum ad me misisti,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1:

propter hanc causam, quod, etc.,

id. Verr 2, 3, 46, § 109:

quod victoribus ultro inferrent arma,

Liv. 21, 1; 8, 1:

quam quod urbes urerent,

Curt. 4, 14, 2.—

Esp.: propterea quod,

because, Ter. And. 3, 4, 5; v. propterea. —Esp. after eo (mostly post-Aug.):

eo deceptum, quod neque, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 14, 2:

eo conspectius (supplicium), quod, etc.,

Liv. 2, 5, 5; 22, 34, 5; Plin. Pan. 25, 2:

forma navium eo differt, quod, etc.,

Tac. G. 44; Quint. 8, 6, 8; Plin. 22, 25, 59, § 126; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 7, 8; Cels. 3, 18.—

II. Wherefore, why, that:

in viam quod te des hoc tempore, nihil est,

it is not necessary that, Cic. Fam. 14, 12: magis est quod gratuler tibi quam, etc., id. Att. 16, 5, 2:

ne causae quid sit, quod te quisquam quaeritet,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 14; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 3:

hoc est quod ad vos venio,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 70:

non est quod multa loquamur,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—

III. If so be that, as respects that, in case that:

quod quispiam ignem quaerat,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 13 Ussing ad loc.; id. Mil. 2, 2, 7 Brix ad loc.; Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 15; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 68, § 175; cf. qui, E. 1. —

IV. Though, although, albeit, even if:

si te in plateā offendero hāc post umquam, quod dicas mihi, Alium quaerebam, iter hac habui, periisti,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 33; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 49; Ov. A. A. 1, 261; id. M. 7, 705:

quod sim ligneus, ut vides, Prendam te tamen,

Auct. Priap. 6.—

V. In respect to time, since that, since (only post-Aug.; in Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146, and Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 2;

recent edd. read quom): tertius dies est, quod audivi, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 27, 1.—

VI. After facere and facile est, = ut, that: facile est, quod habeant conservam in villā, Varr, R. R. 2, 10, 6: utinam dii immortales fecissent, quod ea lex etiam populo Romano esset constituta, Vitr. praef. 10.—

VII. With other particles, as si, nisi, utinam, ubi, etc., always with reference to something which precedes (very freq.), but, though, now:

quod si quis illorum legat facta, paria horum cognoscat,

Nep. Eum. 8, 3:

quod si te fors Afris praefecisset, tamen,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9, § 27; 1, 1, 14, § 41:

quod nisi domi civium suorum invidiā debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur superare potuisse,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus!

Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 1:

quod ne longiore exordio legentem fatigemus, unum quasi exemplum subiciemus,

Col. 5, 11, 13:

quod ubi ille intellexit, id agi, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

quod cum esset animadversum, conjunctam esse flumini, protinus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68:

quod ut hanc quoque curam determinemus, etc.,

Plin. 18, 23, 53, § 194:

peccasse se non anguntur, objurgari moleste ferunt: quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

instead of which, whereas, Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

quod nunc,

whereas now, Lucr. 1, 221.—

VIII. With verbs of perceiving and declaring, instead of an object-clause:

scio jam, filius quod amet meus istanc meretricem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 37; Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14:

recordatus quondam super cenam, quod nihil cuiquam toto die praestitisset,

Suet. Tit. 8:

nec credit, quod, etc.,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 223:

aliqui semen ejus non obruunt, opinantes, quod a nullā ave tangatur,

Pall. 3, 24:

rem miram de ocimo Martialis affirmat, quod, etc.,

id. 5, 3:

notum facere, quod, etc.,

Dig. 25, 3, 1:

novi quod pulchra sis,

Vulg. Gen. 12, 11:

vidit lucem quod esset bona,

id. ib. 1, 4.—Esp. after illud:

videndum illud, quod, si, etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 20, 70: illud mihi occurrit, quod, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 1 fin.

► Quod, in restrictive sense, v. qui, E. 1.

quod, another orthogr. for quot, v. h. v.

ᾰπας (ἅπας, ἅπαντα; -αντες, -άντων, -αντας: ἅπασα, -ας, -αν; -αις, -ας: ἅπαν, ἅπαντι, ἅπᾰν; ἁπάντων, ἅπαντα)

following that which precedes in time

after that

• ВСЛЕД ЗА ТЕМ

[AdvP; Invar; sent adv; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ following that which precedes in time:

- after that;

- next.

     ♦... B 1812 году французами одержана победа под Москвой, Москва взята, и вслед за тем, без новых сражений, не Россия перестала существовать, а перестала существовать шестисоттысячная армия, потом наполеоновская Франция (Толстой 7)....In 1812, the French win a victory near Moscow. Moscow is taken, and after that, with no further battles, it is not Russia that ceases to exist, but the French army of six hundred thousand, and then Napoleonic France itself (7a).

[Swahili Word] kibainishi

[Swahili Plural] vibainishi

[English Word] article

[English Plural] articles

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] bainisha

[Swahili Definition] neno lile au herufi inayolitangulia jina kukitaja kitu fulani halisi

[English Definition] a word placed before a noun to show whether the noun refers to a specific person, animal, place, thing, event or idea, or to a nonspecific person, animal, place, thing, event or idea.

[Swahili Example] ""kibainishi" katika sayansi ya lugha, ni neno lile au herufi inayolitangulia jina kukitaja kitu fulani halisi." [ http://www.swahilitruth.com/pubs/Who_is_Allah/ALLAH.pdf ALLAH NI NANI?]

[English Example] an "article" in linguistics, is the word or letter which precedes a noun to indicate something specific.

[Terminology] grammar

[Note] the Swahili language does not have any articles.

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■ A match or the round that involves the eight remaining teams in a competition or cup competition and which precedes the semi-final match or round.

Viertelfinale n

■ Drittletzte Runde eines im K.-o.-System ausgetragenen Wettbewerbs oder Pokalwettbewerbs, an dem noch acht Mannschaften beteiligt sind.

आ The second letter of the Alphabet.

आ 1 Used as a particle or interjection showing (a) assent; 'yes', 'verily'. (b) Compassion (अनुकम्पा) 'Ah'. (c) Pain or regret (usually written आस् or अः q. v.), 'alas'. (d) Recollection (स्मरण). 'Ah', 'Oh'; आ एवं किलासीत् U.6. (e) But (used as a disjunctive conjunction). (f) And (used as a cumulative conjunction). (g) Sometimes used as an expletive; आ एवं मन्यसे. In all these senses आ is treated as a Pragṛihya vowel (does not form any Sandhi with a following vowel) P.I.1.14. (h) It shows 'anger' also.

-2 (As a prefix to verbs and nouns.) (a) it expresses the senses of near, near to, towards, from all sides, all around (see the several verbs). (b) With verbs of motion, taking, carrying &c. it shows the reverse of the action; as गम् to go, आगम् to come; दा to give, आदा to take; नी to carry, आनी to bring.

-3 (As a separable preposition with abl.) it shows either (a) the limit inceptive (अभिविधि), from, ever since, away from, out of, off, from among; आ मूलात् श्रोतुमिच्छामि Ś.1; बहुभ्य आ from out of many; आ जन्मनः Ś.5.25 ever since (her) birth; आ मनोः U.6.18. (b) Or, it expresses the limit exclusive or conclusive (मर्यादा), till, until, upto, as far as, unto; आङ् मर्यादाभिविध्योः P.II.1.13; see अभि- विधि; आ परितोषाद्विदुषाम् Ś.1.2 till the learned are satisfied; आ कैलासात् Me.11 upto or as far as Kailāsa; ओदकान्तात् Ś.4; U.1.37; V.2.2. In this sense आ sometimes governs the acc.; शतमा जातीः upto a hundred births. (c) In both these senses आ frequently enters into compound, forming either Avyayībhāva comp. or compound adjectives; आबालं (or आ बालेभ्यः) हरिभक्तिः commencing with or including children; आमुक्ति (or आ मुक्तेः) संसारः Sk. till final emancipation; आमेखलम् Ku. 1.5 as far as; आमरणम् Pt.1 till death; आगोपालं ननृतुः K.7 down to the cowherd; आगोपाला द्विजातयः including the cowherds. Sometimes the compound so formed stands as the first member of other compounds, सो$- हमाजन्मशुद्धानामाफलोदयकर्मणाम् । आसमुद्रक्षितीशानामानाकरथवर्त्मनाम् R.1.5; आगण्डविलम्बि Ś.6.17; आकर्णलम्बि M.5.1. (d) Used with loc. it has the sense of 'in', 'at' (mostly Ved.); गावो न यवसेष्वा Rv.1.91.13.

-4 With adjectives (or sometimes with nouns) आ has a diminutive force; आपञ्जर a. Little red, reddish; आपिञ्जरा बद्धरजःकणत्वान्मञ्ज- र्युदारा शुशुभे$र्जुनस्य R.16.51; आपाण्डुर a little white, whitish; आलक्ष्य Ś.7.18. slightly visible; आकम्पः gentle shaking; so आनील, आरक्त.

-5 (As a separable adverb) आ chiefly occurs in the Vedas and means near, near to, or towards, there to, further; and also, even; in many cases it emphasizes the word which precedes it, and when placed after prepositions it strengthens their sense. आ प्रगृह्ये स्मृतौ वाक्ये परितापे पितामहे । घटे भावे च आ$स्तु स्यादव्ययं कोपपीडयोः । आङीषदर्थे$भिव्याप्तौ सीमार्थे धातु- योगजे ॥ Nm.

परिग्रहः 1 Seizing, holding, taking, grasping; आसन- रज्जुपरिग्रहे R.9.46; शङ्कापरिग्रहः Mu.1 'taking or entertaining a doubt'.

-2 Surrounding, enclosing, encircling, fencing round.

-3 Putting on, wrapping round (as a dress); मौलिपरिग्रहः R.18.38.

-4 Assuming, taking; मानपरिग्रहः Amaru.97; विवाहलक्ष्मी˚ U.4.

-5 Receiving, taking, accepting, acceptauce; भौमो मुनेः स्थानपरिग्रहो$यम् R.13.36; अर्ध्यपरिग्रहान्ते 7;12.16; Ku. 6.53; विद्यापरिग्रहाय Māl.1; so आसनपरिग्रहं करोतु देवः U.3 'your majesty will be pleased to take a seat or sit down'.

-6 Possessions, property, belongings; त्यक्तसर्वपरिग्रहः Bg. 4.21; R.15.55; V.4.26.

-7 Taking in marriage, marri- age; नवे दारपरिग्रहे U.1.19; Māl.5.27; असंशयं क्षत्रपरिग्रह- क्षमा Ś.1.22; न हि गणयति क्षुद्रो जन्तुः परिग्रहफल्गुताम् Bh.1.9.

-8 A wife, queen; प्रयतपरिग्रहद्वितीयः R.1.95,92;9.14; 11.33;16.8; Ś.5.28,31; परिग्रहबहुत्वे$पि Ś.3.19; प्राप श्रियं मुनिवरस्य परिग्रहो$सौ Rām. Ch.

-9 Taking under one's protection, favouring; धन्याः स्मो वः परिग्रहात् U.7. 11; M.1.13; कुर्वन्ति पाण्डवपरिग्रहमेव पौराः Pañch.1.2.

-1 Attendants, followers, train, retinue, suite; परिग्रहेण सर्वेण कोषेण च महीयसा Śiva.B.8.4.

-11 A household, family, members of a family.

-12 The seraglio or household of a king, harem.

-13 Anything received, a present; राजपरिग्रहो$यम् Ś.1.

-14 Assent, consent.

-15 Taking possession of, acquiring.

-16 A claim.

-17 Entertaining, honouring, receiving (a guest &c.). Mb.1.195.1.

-18 An entertainer.

-19 Assistance.

-2 A husband.

-21 Respect, reverence.

-22 Grace, favour.

-23 Comprehension, understanding.

-24 Under- taking, performing.

-25 Subjugation; धर्षितो मत्परिग्रहः Mb.12.32.55.

-26 Dominion.

-27 Punishment.

-28 Connection, relation.

-29 Summing up, tota- lity.

-3 A house, residence.

-31 Removing, taking away.

-32 A curse; निर्मुक्तनिष्ठुरपरिग्रहपाशबन्धः Rām. Ch. (cf. पत्नीपरिजनादानमूलशापाः परिग्रहाः Ak.).

-33 (In Ved. gram.) The double mention of a word both before and after इति.

-34 The form which precedes इति.

-35 Root, origin.

-36 The eclipse of the sun or moon.

-37 An oath.

-38 The rear of an army.

-39 N. of Viṣṇu.

-4 The body; आश्रयन्त्याः स्वभावेन मम पूर्वपरिग्रहम् Mb.12. 32.57. (com. स्वभावेन चित्तेन मम परिग्रहं शरीरं आश्रयन्त्याः).

-41 Administration; राज्यपरिग्रहः Mb.12.32.51.

-Comp. -अर्थीय a. generalizing; having the sense of comprehension; Nir.1.7.

-द्वितीय a. accompanied by one's wife or family.

-बहुत्वम् multitude of wives.

संध्या 1 Union.

-2 Joint, division.

-3 Morning or evening twilight; अनुरागवती संध्या दिवसस्तत्पुरस्सरः । अहो दैवगतिश्चित्रा पथापि न समागमः ॥ K. P.7.

-4 Early morning.

-5 Evening, dusk; संध्यामङ्गलदीपिका विभजते शुद्धान्तवृद्धाजनः V.3.2; संध्याभ्ररेखेव मुहूर्तरागाः Pt.1.194.

-6 The period which precedes a Yuga, the time inter- vening between the expiration of one Yuga and the commencement of another; चत्वार्याहुः सहस्राणि वर्षाणां तत्कृतं युगम् । तस्य तावच्छती संध्या संध्यांशश्च तथाविधः ॥ Ms.1.69; अथासौ युगसंध्यायां दस्युप्रायेषु राजसु Bhāg.1.3.25.

-7 The morning, noon, and evening prayers of a Brāhmaṇa; उत्थायावश्यकं कृत्वा कृतशौचः समाहितः । पूर्वं संध्यां जपंस्तिष्ठेत् स्वकाले चापरां चिरम् ॥ Ms.4.93;2.69.

-8 A promise, an agreement.

-9 A boundary, limit.

-1 Thinking, me- ditation.

-11 A kind of flower.

-12 N. of a river.

-13 N. of the wife of Brahman.

-14 Any one of the di- visions of the day (पूर्वाह्ण, मध्याह्न, अपराह्ण).

-Comp. -अंशः the period at the end of each Yuga; Ms.1.69.

-अंशुः twilight.

-अभ्रम् 1 an evening cloud (tinged with the sun's rays); संध्याभ्ररेखेव मुहूर्तरागाः Pt.1.194.

-2 a kind of red-chalk.

-उपसनम्, उपासना Saṁdhyā adora- tion; Ms.2.67.

-कालः 1 the period of twilight.

-2 evening.

-त्रयम् the three divisions of the day (fore- noon, noon and afternoon).

-नाटिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-पयोदः a twilight rain-cloud.

-पुष्पी 1 a kind of jasmine.

-2 a nutmeg.

-बलः a demon (राक्षस).

-बलिः 1 an image of bull in a temple of Śiva.

-2 the evening oblation.

-मङ्गलम् an evening religious rite. ˚दीपिका an auspicious evening lamp; V.3.2.

-रागः red-lead.

-रामः (some take आराम as the word here) an epithet of Brahman.

-वन्दनम् the morning and evening prayers.

-समयः 1 evening-time.

-2 a portion of each Yuga.

n. death agony, struggle which precedes death